Beryllium essays

Beryllium essays Beryllium is a naturally occurring metal which is found in beryl and bertrandite rock. It is extremely lightweight and hard, is a good electrical and thermal conductor and is non-magnetic. Beryllium, whose atomic number 4, is a brittle, steel-gray metal found as a component of coal, oil, certain rock minerals, volcanic dust, and soil. Elemental beryllium is the second lightest of all metals and is used in a wide variety of applications. In its elemental form beryllium exhibits the unique properties of being light weight and extremely stiff, giving the metal several applications in the aerospace, nuclear, and manufacturing industries. In addition, beryllium is amazingly versatile as a metal alloy where it is used in dental appliances, golf clubs, non-sparking tools, wheel chairs, and electronic gadgets. Unfortunately, beryllium also causes lung and skin disease in 2% to 10% of exposed workers. Occupational exposure most often occurs in mining, extraction, and in the processing of allo y metals containing beryllium. The adverse health effects of beryllium exposure are caused by the body's immune system reacting with the metal, resulting in an allergic-type response. Dust control is the primary preventative measure. Beryllium serves many purposes such as: Metal working (pure beryllium, copper and aluminum alloys, jet brake pads, aerospace components) Ceramic manufacturing (semi-conductor chips, ignition modules, crucibles, jet engine blades, rocket covers) Electronics (transistors, heat sinks, x-ray windows) Atomic energy industry (heat shields, nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons) Laboratory work (research and development, metallurgy, chemistry) Dental work (alloys in crowns, bridges, dental plates) Prior to 1951, it was used in fluorescent lamp work Beryllium disease primarily affects the lungs. The disease occurs when people inhale beryllium dust or fumes. Skin disease with p ...

19 Famous Quotes for Inspirational Marriage Wishes

19 Famous Quotes for Inspirational Marriage Wishes The vows and rings are exchanged, and the new couple makes their newlywed walk back up the aisle. If you look carefully at their faces, you may see joy mixed with apprehension. What wedding wishes and wisdom can you offer them? Its too late now to warn them away from the marital institution. Its time for wishing them well. Here are famous quotes on love and marriage that you can use to wish them a new life of togetherness and happiness: Anne Bradstreet If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee. Nathaniel Hawthorne What a happy and holy fashion it is that those who love one another should rest on the same pillow. John Lennon To the world, you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. Martin Luther There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage. Rumi Lovers don’t finally meet somewhere. They’re in each other all along. Sam Keen You come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly. Joseph Campbell When you make a sacrifice in marriage, you’re sacrificing not to each other but to unity in a relationship. Sophocles One word frees us of all the weight and pain in life. That word is love. George Sand There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved. Lao Tzu Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength while loving someone deeply gives you courage. Amy Bloom Marriage is not a ritual or an end. It is a long, intricate, intimate dance together, and nothing matters more than your own sense of balance and choice of partner. Mahatma Gandhi Where there is love there is life. Vita Sackville-West There is nothing more lovely in life than the union of two people whose love for one another has grown through the years, from the small acorn of passion into a great rooted tree. Victor Hugo The supreme happiness in life is the conviction that we are loved. Leo Tolstoy What counts in making a happy marriage is not so much how compatible you are, but how you deal with incompatibility. Mignon McLaughlin A successful marriage requires falling in love many times, always with the same person. George Eliot What greater thing is there for two human souls than to feel that they are joined for life- to strengthen each other in all labor, to rest on each other in all sorrow, to minister to each other in silent unspeakable memories at the moment of the last parting? Montaigne If there is such a thing as a good marriage, it is because it resembles friendship rather than love. W.H. Auden Like everything which is not the involuntary result of fleeting emotion but the creation of time and will, any marriage, happy or unhappy, is infinitely more interesting than any romance, however passionate.

Asa Philip Randolph Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asa Philip Randolph - Research Paper Example He lectured at the Rand School of Social Science after the World War 1 (Randolph Biography 2014). Asa Philip Randolph was born in Crescent City, Florida in April 1889 as a second son of reverend William James Randolph, who was a tailor and at the same time a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and Elizabeth Randolph who was a skilled tailor. After his graduation, Randolph did some odd jobs and dedicated most of his time in activities like reading, acting, and singing. For example, WEB Dubois’ â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk† greatly influenced him towards the importance of social equity (Lamar 1998). Asa Randolph Phillip is one of the few Black Americans who made tremendous contributions in history through their work and their influence to the general public. He was the leader of African American civil rights movement, the American labor movements and Socialist political parties. Asa Randolph Philip is responsible for organizing and giving leadership to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which is preponderantly regarded as the first black labor union. He is called the most dangerous black in America more importantly, because of the kind of influence he demonstrated to have across the American society (Harmon 2000). Asa Randolph Philip demonstrated his charisma, as he is responsible for what is called the historic 1963 march on Washington, where he led more than two hundred and fifty people. It is referred to as the March on Washington movement, which is said to have convinced President Roosevelt to issue executive order 8802 in the year 1941, which led to banning the discriminatory practices that were too evident in the defense industries during the Second World War. This movement was organized by B. Rustin, at which Luther King Jr. birthed his â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech (Hardy 1993). The march on Washington saw thousands of Americans joining hands and uniting under the slogan â€Å"jobs and

Metropolitan Museum of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metropolitan Museum of Art - Essay Example It does not contain the ethereal quality of previous paintings of the time period of the same subject, where the quality of light and brushstrokes portrayed a beatific reality (Harden 2008). This is an engraving which must be meticulously produced with ink, compass and ruler and the initial impression of the work is one of precision (Harden 2008). However, Durer is able to capture a new variation in the work that expresses the harmonious quality of the Garden of Eden and Adam and Eve's relationship to each other and their surroundings. As the eye enters the work, one can see the how opposites are harmoniously existing. A mouse is relaxing next to a cat, an elk and cow do not fear the humans in the picture, and the tree of knowledge is contained in the background, with the serpent giving Eve the fruit and Adam waiting to receive it. All is peaceful. Here, Durer expresses in black and white the harmonious expression of opposites, soon to be destroyed with the taking of the forbidden fr uit. The work is one of bold expression and the medium and succinct lines and use of black and white stand out as a first in artistic expression of the Garden prior to the fall. Giovanni di Paolo, an Italian artist, created The Creation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise in 1445. Here we see the angst inherent in the fall of man from paradise after the forbidden fruit is tasted. Paolo is an expressive artist who uses elements of design to symbolize the aspects of the harmony of the Garden and the devastation of the fall from grace. God is shown in radiant fury pushing the universe, represented by a very large globe that is entering from the left side of the painting and expresses the power of the universe that God has created and is now directed with wrath. In the globe, the evidence of astrology is found within the concentric circles representing the elements, the planets and the constellations (Metropolitan Museum of Art 2008). Adam and Eve are being directed, seemingly pushed also, by an angel who is in human form. The lush vegetation of the garden and the four rivers emerging from the ground symbolize the ecological wealth and harmony of the ga rden, which Adam and Eve are now forced to leave. The medium is tempura on panel and a dark light is effectively used near the trees and on the ground to give the painting an emotional quality of impending negativity and hardship. This painting, previous to Durer's engraving, illustrates the gravity of artist's representing the fall of man in artwork with dark colors and vivid use of brushstrokes to express God's seriousness. Saint Teresa of Avila Interceding Souls in Purgatory is oil on wood painting by Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish artist dated between 1577 and 1640 (Metropolitan Museum of Art 2008). This work is dramatic and emotional and shows how the skilled use of oil captures a quality of light and brushstroke that effectively portrays the seriousness of the task at hand. Saint Teresa to the right of Jesus is shown prostrate and pleading for the souls praying for release from purgatory at the bottom of the wood. On the left are the cherubs, angels of God that seem to be waiting for a decision from Jesus as to the faint of who they will aid in rescue. One is

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay Contemporary organizations are more focused on improving its organizational culture and work arrangement structure to gain competitive advantage in rapidly changing business markets. Change management is a biggest concern for contemporary firms to effectively manage its operations. Basis of success classified on human resource capital involvement in business decision making provide an opportunity to organization to move away from traditional practices of human resource towards employee equity participation in setting and achieving organization goals. Human resource management has undergone many changes in last few decades to improve the functionality of business processes; stabilizing the corporate culture and identifying the opportunity factors which enables organization to grow based on its human resource competency and skills. Traditionally, human resource was concern with only recruiting the employees as per the job demands and requirement. This restricted the HRM only to selective portion of organization processes management. Conversely, in last few decades when information technology has unfold great revolution pertaining to business industries HRM role has been reshaped concerning towards management of organizational culture and goals by involvement of employees. It now is not limited to recruitment and selection of employees but also place emphasis on training and development, managing employee communication, addressing ways to stabilize the organization culture, identifying the factors for growth of organization in changing market conditions, and is also providing solutions to human resource capital management and forming a policy structure to regulate and encourage employee participation in consideration with organization commitment and employee performance related factors management. Strategic operations of HR has enabled the organizations to set higher level of objectives and expand its operations successfully in international markets; devising new structures related to management hierarchy and work arrangement, such as management by objective structure formation as per contemporary need of flexible and rapidly changing business environment. HR roles in technologically integrated business markets has been shifted towards higher concentration work activities for employee management and effective organizational culture establishment; this enabled the organization to focus on employee involvement in business decision and setting of corporate culture consider employees as capital asset to organization. In general terms, HRM is expanding its capacity for organization development by effective utilization of employees’ skills. Persistent to objective of organization strengthening HR roles now require active concentration by management on employee empowerment issues that address decision making, hierarchy, information communication, employee appraisal for compensation and rewards, and employee involvement in goal setting based on equity based approach that also involve workplace diversity and managing cross-cultural business operations. HR practices now address many managing issues of organization for employee and organizational culture management. In order to reduce the cost, many private specialized institutions appeared in the industry that provided an opportunity to organizations for outsourcing HR administration activities, decreasing the overall cost. There are many HR practices which are being outsourced such as recruitment and selection, employee training and development, HR payroll, and HR legal work. Since organizations are diverting its human capital assets management to outsourcing organization therefore, duplication of activities can be avoided. HR outsourcing services helps in considerable cutting in cost while reduction in time for activities management. Integration of technology in HR practices provided extreme time saving measures as e-HR software can now perform many HR management activities such as employee information and data record management, provide payroll solution, helps conduct appraisal on online user interface, proper communication between inter-departments of an organization due to secured network. This helps organizations to move towards shared service centers for its corporate services; many firms have been utilizing shared service centre as a channel to manage its call centre operations by giving access to selective portion in e-HR related to purpose of service being outsourced. Establishment of shared service center is a demanding challenge for organizations as it needs to focus on normalizing the HR practices by addressing HR processes routine in nature. Shared service centre are more customer focused and receptive to contemporary business demand thus enabling firms to lower their operational cost for routine HR activities by involving shared service centre in developing and managing the controlled HR practices. This offers conglomerate advantages to firms due to increased performance and successful accomplishment of organizational goals even at international level operations. Strategically assessing the contemporary HR expose the potential challenges handling ability enabling the organization to diverge its attention on core processes related to human skills deployment at places demanding higher performance. Objective based strategic HR role through amendment in policy structure is giving autonomy to employee in work setting and goal accomplishment strategy formulation; protecting the shared values of organization culture and enabling the higher involvement of employees in business decision. Focus on rewards and compensation packages as factors to enhance employee motivation and organization commitment provides opportunity to attain higher level of employee performance and get positive results irrespective of organizational environment challenges. Globalization has created a dramatic change in the organizational structure and operational flow of business information. Human resource now focus on strategic components of employee performance in various dimension that offer unique advantages to firms in competitive market situations and enable organizations to manage its operations while maintaining discipline in organizational culture. International expansion of business requires addressing various components that form the basis of success in competitive markets for an organization through effectively utilizing human resource skills.

Compare and Contrast 2Pac & Saint John the Baptist Essay -- Tupac Shak

Compare and Contrast 2Pac & Saint John the Baptist Although they lived in very different times, Tupac Shakur and Saint John the Baptist had many commonalities. Both became extremely famous for expressing what they believed. The media's portrayal of Tupac Shakur as a tattooed thug has focused public attention on his accused crimes instead of his music. This rapper, raised in Marin City, California, by a Black Panther mother, is more complex than his enemies like to admit. Shakur (who performs as 2Pac) was a talented lyricist with a gift for storytelling and getting his point across to our youth. He continued to grow as a writer on his hard-hitting album, â€Å"All Eyez on Me† which benefits from West Coast-style production by such artists as Dr. Dre. Recorded shortly after Shakur was released on bail from a prison sentence for sexual assault, the double album shows a relatively contemplative rapper who's ready to make peace with some of his demons. The following list of positive lyrics from Eyez and 2Pac's previous albums certainly doesn't make him a saint, but it does reveal surprising emotional depth: 1. "Life Goes On," All Eyez on Me : In one of the most touching moments on his new album, the rapper with "Thug Life" tattooed on his chest shows that he isn't insensitive to the loss of those he loves: "How many brothers fell victim to the streets / Rest in peace young niggaz / Is there heaven for a G? / Be a lie if I told ya that I never thought of death / My nigga, we the last one's left / And life goes on." 2. "Dear Mama," Me Against the World : An insightful 2Pac repents the stress that he's caused his mother: "Mama, I finally understand / For a woman it ain't easy trying to raise a man / You always was committed / A poor single mother on welfare / Tell me how you did it / There's no way that I can pay you back / But the plan is to show you that I understand. / You are appreciated." 3. "Keep Ya Head Up," Strictly 4 My Niggaz : With a kind of compassion that is rare from any performer - let alone a gangsta rapper - 2Pac advises: "Be real to our women / And if we don't we'll have a race of babies / Who hate the ladies / That make the babies / And since a man can't make one / He has no right to tell a woman when and where to create one." Hard to believe this is the guy who wrote "Wonda Why They Call U Bitch." 4. "Brenda's Got a Baby," 2Pa... ... ghetto kids not believe in God. Why? So that's wrong religion -I believe in God, I believe God puts us wherever we want to be at. They didn't make sense that God would put us in the ghetto. That means he wants us to work hard to get up out of here.† Tupac’s notion as to where God puts us where we should be and that we shouldn’t have to go into a church to praise him and talk to him, it’s similar to St. John the Baptist lifestyle while living in the Desert of Judea. Even though the desert and the ghetto were different, that’s where they both came from. Both are very similar, because both didn’t have material things, only the necessities to live and sometimes not even that. Like 2Pac, John the Baptist didn’t live in the ghetto but he made due with the same provisions. He wore clothes that were made of camels’ hair, and his food consisted of locus and wild honey. In conclusion, this was overall an interesting assignment. I’ve learned that we don’t need depend on material things. Both people were humble and made due with what they had.. And both lived a hard, yet influential life. They tried to give back to the community as much as they could with their wisdom and views on life.

Environmental Legislation And Policy Of The Eu Engineering Essay

In the 19th century, steam engine, gasoline engine and technological machinery in industry were the chief subscribers for a noisy environment. With the development of Diesel engine, jet engines, addition in usage of faster industrial production machinery including building site machinery and increased volume of route traffic, all aggravated and intensified noise pollution in the 20th century.[ 1 ] Action to cut down environmental noise was non given any precedence when compared to other environmental jobs such as air and H2O pollution. It was argued in the Commission Green Paper that this deficiency of involvement in noise pollution was due to the fact that ‘noise is really much a local job with really varied perceptual experiences in different parts of the community as to the acceptableness of the job ‘ .[ 2 ] However although there was this deficiency of legal involvement in noise pollution, people non merely regarded noise as a constituent that deteriorates the environment but recognised besides that it is ‘unjustifiable intervention and infliction upon human comfort, wellness and the quality of modern life ‘[ 3 ]. Therefore the authoritiess, back in 1969 started modulating noise in assorted legislative acts. The European Commission in the ‘Future Noise Policy ‘ ( Green Paper ) pointed out that All member provinces have similar categorizations of the beginnings of environmental noise related to the different human activities: route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, industry, civil technology and edifice site activities, recreational activities, out-of-door equipment ( such as gardening equipment ) .2EC Legislation on Noise: the development of noise ordinance in the EU before the acceptance of the Directive 2002/49/ECOver the past 30 old ages, the EU ‘s environmental policy aims have been presented in Action Programme. The 2nd European Action Programme ( EAP ) 1978 developed the issue of noise suspension. It contained a whole chapter on steps against noise where it sets out risky effects that noise may hold on the human wellness. This EAP pointed out that member provinces have drawn up a figure of ordinances modulating noise emanations. Therefore in order to work out the job of haltering the common market, the community decided to follow an anti-noise policy.[ 4 ] Januaries hold that Community statute law on noise can loosely be divided into two classs. In the first topographic point there are a big figure of directives harmonizing national ordinances on anything from motor mowers to goods vehicles and ordering maximal allowable noise degrees. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] In the 2nd topographic point there is a certain sum of legislative activity in connexion with noise produced by aircrafts.[ 5 ] On the other manus, Miriam Markus-Johansson et Al in Handbook on the Implementation of EC Environmental Legislation, argued that the bing ‘noise control statute law can be divided into four classs: motor vehicles, airplanes, out-of-door equipment, and family contraptions ‘[ 6 ]. However the writers lack to do mention to statute law on railroad and besides industrial noise. Therefore I would state that there are five classs: route conveyance to include railroad besides motor vehicles and the 5th class would be industrial noise.Road TransportMotor vehicles Under EU statute law, motor vehicles are divided in two classs: motor vehicles with at least four wheels and motor vehicles with two- or three-wheel. Noise from motor vehicles with at least four wheels Bing the chief subscriber to environmental noise particularly in urban countries, the European Union sought to harmonize noise demands for route vehicles back in 1970, through Directive 70/157/EC. Add to this the directive introduced bounds on sound degrees of route vehicles and specific processs for mensurating sound degrees of exhaust systems and silencers.[ 7 ] Noise from two and three wheel motor vehicles Mopeds and bikes are another major route traffic noise subscribers chiefly due to reckless driving behavior and / or meddling of the fumes system. Directing 97/24/EC establishes allowable sound bounds from two and three wheel vehicles and demands for exhaust systems, including replacing parts, and provides steps to counter tampering.10 Directing 2001/43/EC regulates noise bounds generated by motor vehicles and dawdlers Surs where the Surs meet the route. ‘These bounds differentiate between vehicle type ( autos, new waves and trucks ) and tyre breadth ( 5 categories ) and will be enforced by including tyre noise trials in EC type-approval certification demands, which must be met for any Sur to be placed on the EU market ‘ .[ 8 ] Railwaies A figure of enterprises where undertaken by the European Commission to restrict railroad noise. It even set up a ‘Railway ‘ working group in order to lucubrate the proficient and economic facets of the decrease of noise emanations from rail conveyance systems.[ 9 ] Directing 96/48/EC on the interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system, which has been detailed further through: Commission Decision 2002/735/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-speed turn overing stock Commission Decision 2002/732/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-velocity railroad substructure Directing 2001/16/EC on the interoperability of the conventional trans-European rail system, supplemented by: Commission Decision 2004/446/EC stipulating the basic parametric quantities of the Noise, Freight Wagons and Telematic applications for freight proficient specifications for interoperability referred to in Directive 2001/16/EC Directing 2004/50/EC of 29 April 2004 amending Council Directive 96/48/EC and Directive 2001/16/EC Commission Decision 2006/66/EC refering the proficient specifications for interoperability relating to the subsystem turn overing stock – noiseAir TransportAircraft noise was foremost regulated by the European Commission in 1979 through Directive 80/51/EEC which was followed by Directive 89/629/EEC. The former trades with restrictions of noise emanations from subsonic aircraft registered in the district of member provinces ( which was later extended by Directive 83/206/EEC to include aircrafts from non-EU member provinces but winging to EU finishs ) , while the latter directive prohibited noisy aircraft from being registered in member provinces. Following these two directives was Directive 92/14/EEC which was based on criterions of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ( ICAO ) , to censor the noisiest aircraft from European airdromes, that is, aircrafts covered by Chapter 2 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation besides known as the Chicago Conv ention, which aircrafts were non allowed to run in the EU after April 2002. Another directive based on one of ICAO ‘s declarations is Directing 2002/30/EC where it applies the rule of balanced attack to resound direction around airdromes. This attack comprises four chief elements: decrease of aircraft noise at beginning, land-use planning and direction steps, noise suspensions operational processs and runing limitations.[ 10 ]Outdoor EquipmentThe EU Commission drew up at least seven directives covering noise from assorted out-of-door equipment, whereby it regulated allowable noise degrees, noise degree taging affixed on the equipment, and noise measurings criterion of about 57 points ( i.e. 63 types of machinery ) . To simplify affairs the European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2000/14/EC associating to resound emanation in the environment from equipment for usage out-of-doorss. The chief characteristics of this directive are ‘harmonisation of noise emanation bounds and criterions, harmonization of conformance appraisal processs, harmo nization of noise degree marker and digest of informations on noise emanations ‘ .[ 11 ]Industrial NoiseIndustrial noise is covered by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ( IPPC ) Directive 96/61/EC whereby member provinces ‘ governments must take the issue of noise into consideration when publishing licenses to operators of the big industrial and agricultural installings. This directive is applicable besides to bing installings that are to undergo a significant change.15Family Appliances NoiseAlthough the directing relating with this type of noise is rather recent and has been regulated for after Directive 2002/49 EC came into force, I think it is of import to do a speedy mention to this directive. ‘Directive 2005/32/EC established a model for the scene of eco-design demands for energy-using merchandises, provides criterions and processs regulating the proviso of accurate information on the noise degree of family application ‘ .[ 12 ]The Salient Features of Directive 2002/49/ECThe range of this directive is to modulate environmental noise to which worlds are exposed in built-up countries, in public Parkss or other quiet countries†¦[ 13 ] However, this directive does non use to resound that is caused by the open individuals himself, noise from domestic activities, noise created by neighbors, noise at work topographic points or noise indoors means of conveyance or due to military activities in military countries.[ 14 ] Article 3 ( a ) of the Environmental Noise Directive ( END ) define environmental noise as unwanted[ 15 ]or harmful out-of-door sound created by human activities, including noise emitted by agencies of conveyance, route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic and from sites of industrial activity.[ 16 ] The purpose of this directive is to specify a common attack intended to avoid, prevent or cut down on a prioritised footing the harmful effects[ 17 ], including irritation, due to exposure to environmental noise. Further aims of the said directing include that information on environmental noise and its consequence is made available to the populace, there is to be noise function and besides the acceptance of action programs by the Member States. This leads me to the outstanding characteristic of END.Noise functionDirecting 2002/49/EC set up the construct of strategic noise function whereby appraisal is made in an country which is exposed to resound due to different noise beginnings. This is extremely regulated under Annex IV of the said Directive. By 18 July 2005 member provinces were to do available to the public information sing which is the competent authorization to pull the noise maps. Furthermore, from 30 June 2005 and thenceforth every five old ages, member provinces are to inform the Commission of the major roads which have more than six million vehicle riders a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train rider a twelvemonth, major airdromes and the agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers within their district. By 30 June 2007, strategic noise maps demoing the state of affairs of the predating twelvemonth were to be drawn up – the first phase. Then we have the 2nd phase, 30 June 2008, where once more member provinces were to inform the Commission of agglomeration with more than 100,000 dwellers, major roads with three million vehicles, major railroads with 30,000 rider and airdromes remained unchanged. Then by 30 June 2012 another set of strategic noise maps are to be drawn up demoing the sta te of affairs in the old calendar old ages. Noise maps must be reviewed, and revised if necessary, every five old ages.[ 18 ]Action programsAction programs are aimed at pull offing noise issues and effects, including noise decrease if necessary. They must run into the minimal demands set out in Annex V to the Directive. Not subsequently than 18 July 2008, action programs must be drawn up for major roads which have more than six million vehicle transitions a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train transitions per twelvemonth, major airdromes and agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers. Add to this, non subsequently than 18 July 2013, another set of action programs must be drawn up for all major agglomerations, major airdromes, major roads and major railroads. The action programs are to be reviewed when a major development occurs impacting the bing noise state of affairs, and at least every five old ages. Through the action program, the competent authorization is to pull off noise issues in mapped countries and besides protect quiet countries against an addition in noise.[ 19 ]Information for the citizenMember provinces are to guarantee that a public audience is organised and the consequences thereof are taken into history before the action programs are approved. Member provinc es are to guarantee that the strategic noise maps and the action programs are made available and disseminated to the populace in conformance with Annex IV and V to Directive 2002/49/EC, thereby affecting the citizens.DecisionWhat is the chief differentiation between the directives prior to Directive 2002/49/EC and Directive 2002/49/EC itself? For more than 30 old ages, European noise policy consisted chiefly of repairing maximal sound degrees through statute law with a position to finish the individual market. As such this has non been conceived as portion of an overall environmental noise abatement plan. As already pointed out, the directives dealt with motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and railroad, industrial machinery and family contraptions. On the other manus, Directing 2002/49/EC does non put maximal degrees of noise but aims to supply a common footing for undertaking noise jobs across the EU, therefore switching from pollution control to pollution bar[ 20 ]i.e. it seeks to harmonize noise indexs and portray the information in the signifier of noise maps and do such information available to the populace. The member states competent governments ( in Malta being the MEPA ) are to pull up strategic noise maps for major roads, railroads and airdromes and agglomerations utilizing consonant noise indexs.[ 21 ]Therefore th is directive ‘does non seek to put common Europe-wide noise bounds ‘ but ‘it will organize the footing for end puting for betterment at the EU degree and for the development of an EU scheme including steps ‘ .[ 22 ] I believe that the End came approximately because during the past 15 old ages or more there was no important betterment in exposure to environment noise particularly route traffic noise. The enlargement of high velocity rail and growing in air conveyance besides played their portion to farther addition environmental noise.[ 23 ]‘The Numberss of people populating in so called ‘grey countries ‘ has increased. It has been estimated that around 20 per centum of the Union ‘s population or shut to 80 million people suffer from noise degrees that scientists and wellness experts consider to be unacceptable. Additionally over the past two decennaries leisure activities and touristry have created new musca volitanss and new beginnings of noise ‘ .[ 24 ] Thankss to statute law and technological advancement important decreases of noise from single beginnings have been achieved. For illustration the noise from single autos has been reduced by 85 % since 1970 and the noise from lorries by 90 % . Likewise for aircraft footmark around an airdrome made by a modern jet has been reduced by a factor of 9 compared to an aircraft with 1970s engineering. Another cardinal differentiation is that of shared duty between the Community and Member States. The green paper back in 1996 held that The local nature of noise jobs does non intend that all action is best taken at local degree, as beginnings of noise are non ever of local beginning.[ 25 ]

Principles of Project Management Essay

1. The Commitment Principle An equitable commitment between the project sponsor and the project delivery team must exist before a possible project exists. The Project Sponsor is considered to be the Project Owner who provides resources such as funds, services and general direction. The project delivery team is the one in charge for appropriate techniques, plans and controls for using the skills needed and work to convert those resources into the required deliverables or product. Dealing with a Sponsor is a matter of developing a trust and understanding between the Sponsor and the team. Project sponsors should set clear boundaries for cost and time, with which the manager should work. If he/she cannot provide the agreed deliverables within these constraints, concerns must be escalated to the sponsor for a decision. Defined roles and responsibilities: A project team in which ALL people understand their responsibilities and sincerely believe they can achieve them. Each person must know how they can contribute to project objectives. Project stakeholders must have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities, to be able know exactly what he or she is supposed to be doing. Project environment is of critical importance and requires definition and understanding. 2. The Success Principle The measures of project success, in terms of both process and product, must be defined at the beginning of the project as a basis for project management decision making and post-project evaluation. Success for a project and how it will be measured after completion needs to be defined at the beginning of the project. The most important reason is to provide an on-going basis for management decision making during the course of the project. The timing of the measurement of success itself may also need identifying. It is not possible to measure its ultimate success without agreement on the project’s success criteria 3. The Tetrad Trade-off Principle The core variables of the project management process — namely, product scope, quality grade, time-to-produce, and 4 total cost-at-completion — must all be mutually compatible and definitely attainable. The term â€Å"Tetrad trade-off† is quite an unfamiliar word, but possibly this is the value of the term to stressed that there are four separate but interactive variables which are scope, quality, time and cost rather than just three as in the old view of ‘Triple Constraint’ (time, cost and performance.) The advantage of viewing the four as a tetrad rather than choosing only three to form a triangle is that it gives more importance to quality. Of the four, the quality of the product is apparently, and in fact, the most stable. 4. The Strategy Principle A strategy encompassing first planning then doing, in a focused set of sequential and progressive phases, must be in place. Before the project start, it is very important that consumers think thoroughly about the products, or deliverables they need. They must be prà ©cised and detailed about their requirements to produce a feasible plan. This makes managing the project much easier and less risky. 5. The management principle The Management Principle begins with â€Å"how it will be done and who will do it†. Policies and procedures that are effective and efficient must be in place for the proper conduct and control of the project commitment. 6. The Single-Point Responsibility Principle This principle is an extension of the management principle and is needed for effective management of the project commitment. Clear communication is very important for the coordination of a complicated project activity. A single channel of communication must exist between the project sponsor and the project team leader for all decisions affecting the product scope. 7. The Cultural Environment Principle Management must provide an informed and supportive cultural environment to ensure that the project delivery team are able to work to the limits of their capacity. Whatever methodology or framework you prefer, it must be modified to suit the requirements and needs of your project. Rather than sticking to methodology, the project manager must be able to get used to procedures to meet the demands of the work in hand. the management of the organization in which the project takes place must be supportive and the environment free of obstacles in the way of project progress. (Wideman, Robert Max; Bing, John A.; Neal, Gerald;, 2000) B. Appraise the viability of at least five (5) project’s success/ failure criteria (1.2) To be successful, a project must have: 1. Agreement or arrangement among the project stakeholders – the project team, customer, project leader skills and management – on the objective of the project. 2. A project plan that shows what is capable, shows an overall path and clear tasks, contains the facts and details for calculating the people, money, time, equipment, and materials needed to get the job completed, and will be used to determine development as the project is taking its course. 3. Continuous, effective communication among everyone that is concerned in the project in order to manage and organize action, distinguish and get to the bottom of problems and respond to changes. 4. A controlled scope or â€Å"stakeholder expectations management†. Everyone involved in the project must know their share of responsibilities. To make sure that everyone concerned understands exactly what can be done within a specified time frame and budget; a systematic method for establishing practical goals for deliverables, cost, schedule, and quality, as well as techniques for maintaining the goals reliable all through the project. 5. Upper management support, â€Å"managing upward†, guiding the upper managers toward appropriate decisions that maintains the project moving – to bring people and other resources, make guidelines, or remove organizational obstacles. The main causes of project failure that were identified were: 1. Lack of User Involvement One of the reasons why projects fail is that users do not participate in the system development process to the extent that they should. the lack of participation in the project by those who will use the system has proved fatal for many projects. Without user participation, it will cause delay to Projects because the management has not allocated people to do the work that users should be doing. If a project is to be a success management and users need to be concerned from the start to end of the progress. This requires time and effort. 2. Long or Unrealistic Time Scales The key advice is that project timescales should be little, which means that better systems should be split into separate projects. There are always problems with this approach, but the profit of doing so is significant. 3. Poor or No Requirements poor requirements are probably one of the most difficult issue that can be faced by a project. The incapacity to identify good requirements has also led to other project delivery problems — such as the desire to narrow the scope of the project so as to minimize the requirements workload and risk. Users should understand what it is they want, and be able to identify it specifically. if you don’t get the business requirements right, however well you deliver the project, the client/business will be dissatisfied. 4. Scope Creep Scope creep is a risk in most projects. it is the change or growth of project scope. Scope creep more frequently occurs during the later stages of a project, such as programming and testing, than during the earlier stages, such as design. This can occur when the scope of a project is not properly defined, documented, or controlled. This is a management issue similar to change control. Management should be able to figure it all out at the start. A project manager often tries to manage scope creep. The goal in managing scope creep is to try to minimize the impact of any changes on the project, such as on the timeline and cost. 5. No Change Control System Business needs are changing even more rapidly than ever before. There may be unavoidable external requirements over which you have no control, such as new regulations for data privacy, changed regulatory reporting requirements etc.So it is not reasonable to anticipate no change in requirements while a project or system is being built. However uncontrolled changes play chaos with a system under improvement and have caused many project confusion and failures. (Anon., 2001) (Suggest additional standard for the project’s success/ failure criteria, M1) Other IT project failure criteria by the IT and project managers were: * missed deadlines * exceeded budget * cost getting out of hand * many projects fail because they use new or unproven technology. * poor project definition by the project’s owner, perhaps because of insufficient consultation with stakeholders or their failure to be specific about requirements and desired outcomes. * lack of ownership and personal accountability by senior management. * inadequately skilled and experienced project personnel. * inadequate reporting arrangements and decision-making. * inconsistent understanding of required project activities, roles and responsibilities. Other criteria for project success were: * meeting the budget * meeting milestones * a well-defined scope and agreed understanding of intended outcome. * active management of risks, issues and timely decision-making supported by clear and short lines of reporting. * ongoing commitment and support from senior management. * a senior individual with personal accountability and overall responsibility for the successful outcome of the project. * defined and visibly managed processes that are appropriate or the scale and complexity of the project. (Find another company that uses success/failure criteria and tell something about how these criteria help the company’s projects , D1) The Calvert Social Index is a stock market index created by Calvert Investments as a benchmark of large companies that are considered socially responsible or ethical. It currently consists of 468 companies, weighted by market capitalization, selected from approximately 1,000 of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States using Calvert’s social criteria. These criteria relate to the environment, workplace issues, product safety, community relations, weapons contracting, international operations, and human rights. This index was created following the success of the Domini 400 Social Index by KLD Research & Analytics, Inc. The Calvert index is used by many so-called socially responsible mutual funds as a benchmark for their performance. These criteria helped the company improve with their business management. They were able to market those specific products that seem to be most wanted by their customers. With these criteria, it helped them improve their product development that made them stand out from their competitors. It also helped the company improve business management in the area of finance and because of this, they have built a good business reputation. (Calvert Investment Distributors, n.d.) B. Discuss the principles behind project management systems and procedures (1.3) The Project Management Process suggest three main deliverables be defined before actual work on the project begins. These are the Project Definition, Project work plan, and the Project Management Procedures. The Project Management Procedures explains how the project will be managed, and are an effective and efficient way to communicate the processes to the project team, customers, and stakeholders. Although they may appear time consuming to develop, in most cases these procedures only need to be created once. When you have a set of procedures that allow you to be successful, you can reuse them on later projects. In fact, these procedures can be written at the company or organization level, and then used as the starting point for all projects in the company. These procedures come from the process for large projects. They should be customized as appropriate for your project, your team, and your organization. In most cases, the processes should be simplified for smaller projects. Although this template is called Project Management Procedures, this document really describes processes. Processes are at a higher level than procedures. You can turn them into procedures by specifying the particular roles, people, and dates that make sense. The procedures that will be used to manage the project will include parts on how the team will manage issues, scope change, risk, quality, communication, etc. It is important to be able to manage the project thoroughly and proactively and make sure the project team and all stakeholders have a common understanding of how the project will be managed. If common procedures have already been recognized for your organization, apply them on your project. (Discuss how to integrate human and material resources to achieve successful projects, M2) Every project that involves more than one person requires a project team to get the work done. Building a motivated project team will be your primary and most critical task, because the success of the project will rely heavily on choosing the right team members and gaining their commitment to the project’s objectives. To utilize the abilities of permanently assigned staff and to fulfill these requirements but if there are required skills that are not available, then other sources must be identified and pursued. Books, educational programs, internet and human involvement go hand in hand to make the task accomplished. With these help, unforeseen errors and miscalculation will be lessened. Coordination will also make time required less for the project to be successful. (Wideman, 1991) (Look for an existing IT Project of any company and evaluate the project management system and procedures, D2) IS Auditing Procedure: P6 Firewalls An information security audit is an audit on the level of information security in an organization. Within the broad scope of auditing information security there are multiple types of audits, multiple objectives for different audits, etc. Most commonly the controls being audited can be categorized to technical, physical and administrative. Auditing information security covers topics from auditing the physical security of data centers to the auditing logical security of databases and highlights key components to look for and different methods for auditing these areas. When centered on the IT aspects of information security, it can be seen as a part of an information technology audit. It is often then referred to as an information technology security audit or a computer security audit. However, information security encompasses much more than IT. By and large the two concepts of application security and segregation of duties are both in many ways connected and they both have the same goal, to protect the integrity of the companies’ data and to prevent fraud. For application security it has to do with preventing unauthorized access to hardware and software through having proper security measures both physical and electronic in place. With segregation of duties it is primarily a physical review of individuals’ access to the systems and processing and ensuring that there are no overlaps that could lead to fraud. (Isaca, 2003) C. Identify the key elements involved in terminating projects and conducting post – project appraisals (1.4) 1. Termination activities should be identified in the baseline plan 2. Verify that all agreed-on deliverables were provided. 3. Organize and file project-related documentation. 4. Assure that all payments have been collected from the customer. 5. Assure that all payments for materials and subcontractors have been paid. 6. Prepare a written performance evaluation of each member of the project team. (Evaluate the key elements involved in terminating projects, M3) Terminating a project should always undergo a process – resources used could be audited and workforce could be evaluated properly. 1. Go back to project plan to check the appropriate balance between resource usage and project duration that directly complies with project objectives. 2. Confirm or prove that all deliverables that were agreed on were clearly fleshed out. 3. Document and organize all files related to the project. 4. All invoices should have been sent to the customer. All collectibles should be received before closing the review. 5. Payments for materials and subcontractors should be fulfilled as well. 6. Evaluate the performance of the project team and properly document it as well. 7. Conduct post-mortem or –project evaluation meetings (Szabelski, n.d.) (Give situations where a terminated project can still be considered again, D3) Hiring a new principal investigator (PI) (or an equivalent person) is the next best solution for projects that were terminated or put on hold. In order to ensure the smooth transition of documents and processes, the old PI should train the new hire Loss of human, funding and other valuable resources, whether anticipated or not, is the most common problem that may force an organization to terminate or put a project on hold. In order to address this challenge, the affected organization should be able to tap other available resources such as funding vehicles and connections or networks for new hires or experts. If an internal assessment or evaluation of the project showed negative results, resources, processes and even the project itself can be adjusted or modified in order to achieve or fulfill set expectations and objectives. (Orfano, 2009) Bibliography Anon., 2001. Coley Consulting. [Online] Available at: http://www.coleyconsulting.co.uk/failure.htm [Accessed 18 October 2011]. Calvert Investment Distributors, I., n.d. Calvert Investments. [Online] Available at: http://www.calvert.com/NRC/Literature/Documents/TL10036.pdf [Accessed 20 October 2011]. Isaca, 2003. ISACA. [Online] Available at: http://www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Standards/Pages/IS-Auditing-Procedure-P6-Firewalls1.aspx [Accessed 22 October 2011]. Orfano, F., 2009. Feministy.org. [Online] Available at: http://www.feministy.org/business-management/re-starting-a-terminated-project [Accessed 22 October 2011]. Szabelski, T., n.d. Modern Project Management. [Online] Available at: bpr-project.eu/./project_management_by_tomasz szabelski.pdf [Accessed 21 October 2011]. Wideman, Robert Max; Bing, John A.; Neal, Gerald;, 2000. Max’s Project Management Wisdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/principles/principles.htm [Accessed 16 October 2011]. Wideman, R.M., 1991. Max’s Project Managenent Wisdo m. [Online] Available at: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/questions/answers.htm [Accessed 18 October 2011].

Charles Horton Cooley Essays

Charles Horton Cooley Essays Charles Horton Cooley Essay Charles Horton Cooley Essay Charles Horton Cooley (born Aug. 17, 1864, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. died May 8, 1929, Ann Arbor) was an American sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association. He is perhaps most well known for his concept of the looking glass self, which is the concept that a persons self grows out of societys interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. Cooley is noted for his displeasure at the divisions within Sociology over methodology. He preferred an empirical, observational approach. While he appreciated the use of statistics, he preferred case studies: often using his own children as the subjects on his observation. Cooleys last major work, Social Process (1918), emphasized the non-rational, tentative nature of social organization and the significance of social competition. He interpreted modern difficulties as the clash of primary group values (love, ambition, loyalty) and institutional values (impersonal ideologies such as progress or Protestantism). As societies try to cope with their difficulties, they adjust these two kinds of values to one another as best they can. He also referred to the term the looking glass self. The Looking-glass self is created through the imagination of how ones self might be understood by another individual. This would later be termed Empathic Introspection. This theory applied not only to the individual but to the macro-level economic issues of society and to those macro-sociological conditions which are created over time. The concept of the looking glass self is undoubtedly his most famous, and is known and accepted by most psychologists and sociologists today. It expanded William Jamess idea of self to include the capacity of reflection on its own behavior. Other peoples views build, change and maintain our self-image; thus, there is an interaction between how we see ourselves and how others see us. According to Cooley (1902), in his work Human Nature and the Social Order, his looking-glass self involved three steps. A self-idea of this sort seems to have three principal elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.

Nominal Versus Real Quantities

Nominal Versus Real Quantities Real variables are those where the effects of prices and/or  inflation have been taken out. In contrast, nominal variables are those where the effects of inflation have not been controlled for.   As a result, nominal but not real variables are affected by changes in prices and inflation.   A few examples illustrate the difference: Nominal Interest Rates vs. Real Interest Rates Suppose we buy a 1 year bond for face value that pays 6% at the end of the year. We pay $100 at the beginning of the year and get $106 at the end of the year. Thus the bond pays an interest rate of 6%. This 6% is the nominal interest rate, as we have not accounted for inflation. Whenever people speak of the interest rate theyre talking about the nominal interest rate, unless they state otherwise. Now suppose the inflation rate is 3% for that year. We can buy a basket of goods today and it will cost $100, or we can buy that basket next year and it will cost $103. If we buy the bond with a 6% nominal interest rate for $100, sell it after a year and get $106, buy a basket of goods for $103, we will have $3 left over. So after factoring in inflation, our $100 bond will earn us $3 in income; a real interest rate of 3%. The relationship between the nominal interest rate, inflation, and the real interest rate is described by the Fisher Equation: Real Interest Rate Nominal Interest Rate - Inflation If inflation is positive, which it generally is, then the real interest rate is lower than the nominal interest rate. If we have deflation and the inflation rate is negative, then the real interest rate will be larger. Nominal GDP Growth vs. Real GDP Growth GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the value of all the goods and services produced in a country. The Nominal Gross Domestic Product measures the value of all the goods and services produced expressed in current prices. On the other hand, Real Gross Domestic Product  measures the value of all the goods and services produced expressed in the prices of some base year. An example: Suppose in the year 2000, the economy of a country produced $100 billion worth of goods and services based on year 2000 prices. Since were using 2000 as a basis year, the nominal and real GDP are the same. In the year 2001, the economy produced $110B worth of goods and services based on year 2001 prices. Those same goods and services are instead valued at $105B if year 2000 prices are used. Then: Year 2000 Nominal GDP $100B, Real GDP $100BYear 2001 Nominal GDP $110B, Real GDP $105BNominal GDP Growth Rate 10%Real GDP Growth Rate 5% Once again, if inflation is positive, then the Nominal GDP and Nominal GDP Growth Rate will be less than their nominal counterparts. The difference between Nominal GDP and Real GDP is used to measure inflation in a statistic called The GDP Deflator. Nominal Wages vs. Real Wages These work in the same way as the nominal interest rate. So if your nominal wage is $50,000 in 2002 and $55,000 in 2003, but the price level has risen by 12%, then your $55,000 in 2003 buys what $49,107 would have in 2002, so your real wage has gone done. You can calculate a real wage in terms of some base year by the following: Real Wage Nominal Wage / 1 % Increase in Prices Since Base Year Where a 34% increase in prices since the base year is expressed as 0.34. Other Real Variables Almost all other real variables can be calculated in the manner as Real Wages. The Federal Reserve keeps statistics on items such as the Real Change in Private Inventories, Real Disposable Income, Real Government Expenditures, Real Private Residential Fixed Investment, etc. These are all statistics which account for inflation by using a base year for prices.

Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Intellectual Property - Essay Example It was argued that Topshop had infringed the rights of Rihanna and that consumers were misled into thinking that she had endorsed the use of her photograph on the T-shirt, and this might have led to enhanced commercial sales and consumer confusion, which in turn had damaged her reputation. This is because Topshop’s action may have represented a loss of control of Rihanna in the fashion industry.3 As a result, Rihanna filed a suit against Topshop for manufacturing and retailing T-shirts bearing her photograph without her authorisation. The judge hearing the case ruled in favour of Rihanna. In the United Kingdom, there is no personality right that prevents unfair exploitation, in cases where a party evokes a celebrity’s image.4 Therefore, in the United Kingdom, there is no general right that famous people or any person can enjoy and use to control the reproduction of their images. The law of passing off is used by celebrities to protect their image. However, they have to show that they have goodwill in their image. They also have to show that there has been a misrepresentation, leading to public deception. This was ruled out by Mr Justice Birss who said that consumers of this era have full awareness that music artists take part in merchandising and endorsement in fashion apparel. According to Mr Justice Birss, consumers may not want to purchase products which have been authorised by artists, but they will rather purchase products with pictures on them because they love the look of it.5 One of the key factors that persuaded Mr Justice Birss to pass a ruling in favour of Rihanna was that Topshop, the fashion retailer, had engaged in promotional efforts involving Rihanna. For instance, there was a competition, in which the entrants could win a personal shopping appointment with Rihanna in 2010.6 Also, Topshop sold the T-shirt two weeks after there had been